Thursday, November 7, 2013

Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons"


Garrett Hardin explores the concept of the tragedy of the commons in light of the depletion of natural resources. Hardin explains overpopulation in terms of the tragedy and it's causes. 

The tragedy of the commons is the outcome of many individuals, acting autonomously, depleting a shared resource. Hardin uses the famous example of a "pasture open to all". Herdsmen might bring their animals to graze on this land and for each additional animal he brings he benefits greatly. Every other rational herdsman with access to the land will do the same and will bring more and more animals to graze. Eventually, the animals will begin to degrade the land. But the negative utility for each herdsman is shared and nominal and so the negative utility from land degradation is outweighed by the positive utility of a larger herd. This pasture is a microcosm of the shared resource that is our natural environment. As population grows exponentially and the world's resources remain finite, something has got to give. 

While overpopulation is a truly pressing concern and the tragedy of the commons is a completely valid concept, the rest of the essay gets ethnocentric and classist on many different levels. Hardin condemns families that reproduce excessively (greater than the replacement rate) regardless of culture. He proposes basing foreign aid upon birthdate reduction. He suggests awarding young women "non-baby"stipends. He also majorly criticized what he sees as the welfare state and the individuals that depend on it. Is Hardin's argument at all discredited by these statements?

Hardin also clearly attached a system of ethics to this concept. He claims that to have excessive amounts of children is immoral and he explains "the immorality of being softhearted" about population control. Even his closing words are, "making these tough conditions is the kindest thing we can do for the needy peoples of the world. And, ultimately, for the whole world." Given this concept, what is the answer to overpopulation? How does it relate to ethics?

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